Author Guidelines

UNIFORM REQUIREMENTS FOR MANUSCRIPTS SUBMITTED TO VILNIUS UNIVERSITY PERIODICAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF LAW (“TEISĖ”)
Approved by Editorial Board on 31 March 2025

Annex 1 to Minutes of meeting No. 119 of the Editorial Board of 31 March 2025
Executive Editor: Prof. Habil. Dr. Gintaras Švedas

 I. GENERAL PROVISIONS

1. Manuscripts of scientific articles submitted for the publication in Vilnius University periodical scientific journal Law (In Lithuanian: Teisė) must comply with the established format of the article and the general requirements for the preparation of manuscripts set out in this document.

2. The manuscript shall not exceed 1 quire (40,000 characters, including spaces), except cases approved by the Editorial Board.

3. Details of the author of the article: full name and surname of the author; scientific degree and pedagogical title; the institution in which the publication was prepared (affiliation) and the author’s current position in it, the address of the institution, the author’s e-mail address; ORCID ID (optional but highly recommended data for authors: a unique identifier for the author, ensuring that all his/her research papers are correctly identified and attributed to the author, see https://orcid.org for more details). If there is more than one author of the article, the data of all co-authors are provided accordingly. When submitting an article via an email, the author’s data forms a separate file, whereas, when uploading an article to the platform http://www.zurnalai.vu.lt/teise/, the authors provide their data in the dedicated fields on the platform itself. The article itself must not contain any personally identifiable information about the author, including metadata Word .doc files.

 II. STRUCTURE AND CONTENT OF THE STRUCTURAL PARTS OF THE ARTICLES

1. The title of the article should be concise and informative; it should reveal the essence of the presented research. Abbreviations must be avoided in the title.

2. The summary is a short layout of the main ideas of the article. The summary indicates the purpose and object of the research, as well as the results and conclusions of the research. The length of the summary is up to 150–200 words. In the summary, it is not allowed to cite literature or sources, or to make references.

3. Keywords: 4–7 keywords (phrases) are indicated. Keywords are separated by commas, and it is necessary to avoid repeating the title of the article. When uploading to the platform http://www.zurnalai.vu.lt/teise/, it is necessary to insert (copy) the keywords one by one, and to separate them with commas (as, otherwise, the system mistakenly interprets that only one keyword term consisting of several words separated by commas has been uploaded).

The summary and keywords of the article must be prepared in accordance with Annex 1.

The title, summary and keywords of the article (in the order set out in the present document) are presented in both Lithuanian and English, as well as in the language in which the scientific article is published.

4. The main text of the scientific article, which must include clearly distinguished elements of this part of the scientific article, constitutes:

4.1. Introduction, which defines the aim of the research, its tasks, object, methods, relevance of the topic (problem), and of the extent of previous research, the originality of the work, as well as an overview of the sources and literature used;

4.2. Main part is the presentation and substantiation of the research results; the text must be clear, logically divided into separate chapters which must be numbered (chapters are numbered by using Arabic numerals; subsections also use digits for numbering; two levels of subsections are allowed). Subsections must have titles which would reflect their content.

4.3. References are provided in the form of footnotes.

For example:

¹ Tarptautinis pilietinių ir politinių teisių paktas (1966). Valstybės žinios, 2002, 77-3288.

² KALPOKAS, Ignas and KALPOKIENĖ, Julija (2023). Intelligent and Autonomous: Transforming Values in the Face of Technology. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill, p. 50.

4.4. The abbreviations ‘cit. op.’, ‘supra note’, ‘ibid.’ and ‘ibidem’ cannot be used in footnotes.

4.5. Sources used in the article are presented in the list of references in accordance with Annex 2 of these Requirements.

4.6. Footnotes are presented at the bottom of the page in order to explain or substantiate a particular statement or fact mentioned in the text, by using Arabic numerals, followed by plain text. The numbering of all footnotes must be continuous throughout the paper.

For example:

¹ In order to maintain objectivity, it should be noted that in the present case the reference was made not by the constitutional review body but by the German Federal Administrative Court (Bundesverwaltungsgericht).

² Also assessing the ex nunc effect of the final acts of the Constitutional Court.

4.7. Conclusions must be enumerated, they must contain no citations or references to the literature or sources used.

4.8. A list of sources shall include all sources cited in the scientific article. The sources in the list are grouped by type: (i) legal acts, which are listed according to legal force starting from the highest legal force, and acts having equal legal force, starting from the oldest; it is recommended to separate international, regional, national and (or) foreign legal acts into separate subsections; (ii) special literature – in alphabetical order according to the surname of the first author (in case of several authors – taking into account the surname of the second, third, etc., author); if several different sources by the same author are cited, they shall be listed chronologically, starting with the oldest; if the author is not indicated – by the title of the work; (iii) case law – starting with court decisions by the level of court, starting with the highest rank of court, it is recommended to divide the decisions of international, regional, national and (or) foreign courts into separate subsections; (iv) other sources (such as newsletters, web portals, travaux préparatoires, etc.).

Sources, subsections and chapters are not enumerated.

Sources are provided in the original language. The Cyrillic alphabet is transliterated into the Latin alphabet. Other non-Latin writing systems are transliterated into Latin accordingly. For transliteration, use Order No. of 17 November 2011 of the Director of the Center of Registers V-217 “On the Approval of the Classification of the Register of Legal Entities” approved the classification of transliteration of the main foreign language characters into the main Latin characters (see: https://www.registrucentras.lt/p/175).

The transliterated data replaces the characters used in the original source.

For example: ZHALINSKIY, A. (2004), Sovremennoe nemetskoe ugolovnoe pravo, Prospekt, Moskva.

The list of sources must be prepared in accordance with Annex 2.

4.9. Additional information about the author(s) (in Lithuanian and English) – the author's name, surname, short scientific biography, scientific interests and research areas (up to 500–600 characters with spaces). The additional information about the author(s) must be prepared in accordance with the Annex 1.

5. The text of the scientific article shall contain no revision marks (track changes function), and it shall be presented by using the font type Times New Roman, Normal, 12 pt. Footnote size – 10 pt. Spacing between the text lines – 1.5. Full-text alignment – justified. Bold or underscored font is not advised, except for the headings of the sections or emphasis on important statements or words. The paper shall consistently adhere to the chosen text layout: the format of legal acts, dates, numbering, concepts, abbreviations, etc. should stick to one consistent pattern, by following the standards used from the beginning of the paper.

III. FINAL PROVISIONS

1. Scientific articles whose authors do not comply with the requirements set out in Chapter II shall not be accepted.

2. Articles of an informative and/or professional nature are published in the Legal News section of Vilnius University periodical scientific journal Law (Teisė). These articles are not reviewed.

3. The manuscript of the article is submitted to the Executive Secretary of the Editorial Board by email or by uploading to the platform http://www.zurnalai.vu.lt/teise/ in the Microsoft Word format.

Before submitting a manuscript to the Editorial Board, the article by a Vilnius University doctoral student shall be approved by the doctoral supervisor and given consideration at the meeting of the department. The article review by the department, containing the conclusion on the article’s eligibility for publication by Vilnius University periodical scientific journal Law (Teisė), shall be submitted to the Editorial Board by the doctoral student along with the manuscript.

4. Manuscripts shall be regularly accepted and published in the sequential order, unless the Editorial Board decides otherwise.

Annex 1

Examples of summary, key words and additional information about the author

Animal-Created Photographs: Are Animal Copyrights Possible?

Summary. [Problem description] Recently, legal discussions have begun to raise the question regarding the legal consequences arising from the creation of a photograph by an animal. Such a question forces us to rethink the conventional scientific understanding of legal capacity. [Aim] The research presented in this article aimed to examine the compatibility of recognizing animal copyrights with the intellectual property model established in European Union law. [Objectives] To achieve this aim, essential theoretical characteristics of individual rights were identified. Subsequently, the prevailing characteristics within intellectual property law were compared with the proposed models of animal copyrights. [Scope] The research encompasses European Union law and scholarly literature insights regarding the concept of individual rights. [Research Results and Main Conclusions] The analysis has revealed two competing models of subjective rights within legal doctrine, based on will (volition) and interests. These models yield different answers to the investigated question, and an interest-based concept of individual rights could serve as a foundation for recognizing animal rights, thereby renewing the scholarly definition of legal capacity. However, within the European Union law, the interest-based model of individual rights prevails concerning copyright protection and animal welfare. This suggests that recognizing animal copyrights would be incompatible with the current model of intellectual property rights.

Keywords: copyright, individual right, subjective right, intellectual property law, animal rights.

Equality of Parties in Digital Court Proceedings

Summary. [Problem description] Lithuanian procedural law provides increasing opportunities to perform procedural actions digitally within court proceedings. This creates the preconditions for entirely digital court proceedings, where oral and written communication is conducted exclusively through digital means. However, this development faces the scientifically recognized problem of digital divide, characterized by unequal access to modern technologies due to various factors (such as paid access to the latest technologies, different levels of digital literacy, etc.). [Aim] In light of this, the article aims to evaluate whether and how equality between parties is safeguarded within digital court proceedings. [Scope] The research encompasses Lithuanian civil procedural law, including matters related to the submission of procedural documents but excluding issues related to the enforcement of court decisions. [Objectives] Initially, the research identifies specific procedural stages and actions where the risk of violating the principle of equality arises. Subsequently, through the comparative method, measures that could mitigate these risks are developed. [Research Results and Main Conclusions] Procedural actions with short deadlines, limited opportunities for appealing procedural decisions, and difficulties in obtaining adequate information regarding procedural rights have been identified as areas of the greatest risk. To address the issue of the digital divide, the primary recommendation is an active role of courts in disputes where one party belongs to a socially vulnerable group.

Keywords: court proceedings, procedural action, civil procedure law, principle of equality of parties in a case, problem of digital divide.

Additional information about the author:

FULL NAME and SURNAME is a PhD student at the Department of Private Law, Faculty of Law, Vilnius University. His/Her field of research includes Technology Law, Finance Law, regulation of economic activities performed on the basis of blockchain technology. The title of the dissertation in progress: New Forms of Social, Economic and Legal Activities Based on Blockchain Technology – Necessity, Measures and Issues of Regulation.

FULL NAME and SURNAME holds PhD in Social Sciences and is a professor at the Department of Criminal Justice, Faculty of Law, Vilnius University, and a judge of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Lithuania. The main areas of scientific interests of Gutauskas are Criminal law, criminology and international criminal law, organized crime prevention, constitutional law, as well as theoretical and practical problems of the qualification of crimes.

FULL NAME and SURNAME is a PhD student and a teaching assistant at Vilnius University Faculty of Law. During his Master’s studies, he studied at the Faculty of Law of the University of Zurich (Switzerland), participated in the Paris Arbitration Academy (France) and international private law moot court competitions. He graduated with magna cum laude distinction. As part of his doctoral studies, he undertook a research visit at the Luxembourg Centre for European Law (Luxembourg). His research interests include international and European Union civil procedure, international arbitration, and international trade law. 

Annex 2

Description of the Sources Used in the Footnotes and the List of References in Accordance with the Rules of APA7 Bibliographic Description

1. LEGAL ACTS

1.1. International treaties ratified by the Republic of Lithuania and officially published in the Register of Legal Acts (hereinafter referred to as the TAR) or the Official Gazette shall have the following data indicated: (i) the official title of the legal act, the signatory countries or international organization (if any); (ii) in parentheses, the year of adoption; (iii) after the full stop, the name of the source of publication (official publication) in italics, the year and number (the abbreviation ‘No.’ or ‘no.’ is not written), and the publication number of the legal act, for example:

1.2. International treaties not ratified and (or) not officially published by the Republic of Lithuania shall have the following data indicated: (i) the official title of the legal act, signatory parties, or international organization (if any); (ii) in parentheses, the year of adoption; (iii) after the dot, the official register of the legal act number (UNTS/ETS/OAS, etc.) (if not available, unofficial references ILM, IHRR or others) (see: http://www.eisil.org/ or http://www.worldlii.org/), and the page number, for example:

1.3. European Union regulations, directives and other legal acts shall have the following data indicated: (i) the institution; (ii) the full date of adoption of the legal act; (iii) the type of the legal act; (iv) the number of the legal act, the abbreviation of the institution (if any); (v) the official title of the legal act; (vi) the source of the official publication, its number, year of publication, the numbers of the first and last pages, for example:

1.4. The Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania, codes, laws shall have the following data indicated: (i) the official title of the legal act; (ii) the full date of adoption of the legal act; (iii) the number; (iv) after a full stop, the name of the source of publication (official announcement) in italics (the abbreviation ‘TAR’ is not written in italics), the year, and the publication number of the legal act (the abbreviation ‘No.’ or ‘no.’ is not written), for example:

1.5. Government resolutions shall have the following data indicated: (i) the institution (the Government of the Republic of Lithuania); (ii) the full date of the adoption of the legal act, its type and number; (iii) the official title of the legal act in quotation marks; (iv) after a full stop, the name of the source of publication (official announcement) in italics (the abbreviation ‘TAR’ is not written in italics), the year, and the publication number (if any), as well as the publication number of the legal act (the abbreviation ‘No.’ or ‘no.’ is not written), for example:

1.6. Ministerial orders and other subordinate legal acts shall have the following data indicated: (i) the institution; (ii) the full date of the adoption of the legal act, its type and number; (iii) the official title of the legal act in quotation marks; (iv) after a full stop, the name of the source of publication (official announcement) in italics (the abbreviation ‘TAR’ is not written in italics), the year, and the publication number (if any), as well as the publication number of the legal act (the abbreviation ‘No.’ or ‘no.’ is not written), for example:

1.7. Jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court shall have the following data indicated: (i) the full name of the court; (ii) the full date of adoption of the resolution (decision) (note: the number of the resolution (decision) is indicated only if two resolutions or decisions are published on the same day; the name of the case is not indicated); (iii) after the word ‘decision’, and the name of the source of the item’s publication (the official publication) in italics (the abbreviation ‘TAR’ is not written in italics), the year (only if it differs from the year of adoption of the legal act), the number (if any) (abbreviation ‘No.’ or ‘no.’ is not written), and the publication number of the legal act are given, for example:

Notes:

1) if a legal act was published in a separate publication (as a book, a brochure, or a leaflet), and the author uses this particular source format, the List of Sources indicates the source of the official publication of the legal act, but not the mentioned special publication;

2) if a legal act or any other primary legal source (current or historical) is published in a collection or a book and does not have its official source of publication (or its original source of publication cannot be found), in this case, the following is indicated: (i) the name of the act; (ii) the preposition ‘In’ is written after a full stop, a colon is added; and (iii) the source data are indicated in accordance with the relevant rules of the bibliographic description, for example:

3) URL addresses are not indicated, except in cases where the legal act is published only in the electronic form.

 2. SPECIAL LITERATURE

2.1. Book by one author shall have the following data indicated: (i) the author’s surname in capital letters, and, after a comma, the name; (ii) the year of publication in parentheses; (iii) the title in italics after a full stop; (iiia) additionally, if necessary, a full stop is placed after the title of the book, and the type of book is indicated (without using italics: monograph, textbook, collection of peer-reviewed scientific articles, etc.); (iv) after a full stop the edition number (only if the first edition is not cited); (v) after a full stop, the place of publication (city); (vi) after a colon, the publisher; (vii) in the text, in the footnote, the page(s) of the cited text in the book is/are additionally indicated after a comma, for example:

2.2. A book with two/three authors shall have the following data indicated: (i) the surnames of all authors in capital letters, and, after a comma, the names of the authors (in the order of the authors indicated on the title page of the book), the surnames of the authors are separated by semicolons, and, before the last surname, the conjunction ‘and’ is used; (ii) all further data are presented exactly as the data of a book by one author, for example:

2.3. A book with four or more authors shall have the following data indicated: (i) the surnames of the first three authors in capital letters, followed by their names after a comma (in the same order as the authors are listed on the title page of the book), the surnames of the authors are separated by semicolons, and ‘et al.’ is written after the third surname; (ii) all further data are presented exactly as the data of a book by a single author, for example:

2.4. A book of a collective author: in the case of a collective author of the book (institution), the following is indicated: (i) the official name of the institution; (ii) all further data are presented exactly as the data of a book of a single author, for example:

2.5. A book, when one or more editors or compilers is/are indicated: shall have the following data indicated: (i) the surname(s) of the editor(s) or compiler(s) in capital letters, and, after a comma, the name(s) (in the case of several authors, their surnames shall be arranged in accordance with the rules provided in paragraphs 2.2–2.3), and, accordingly, the abbreviation ‘ed.’ (or eds. – if there is more than one editor) shall be written in brackets; (ii) all further data are presented exactly as the data of a book by one author, for example:

2.6. A part of a book (a chapter, an article) shall have the following data indicated: (i) the surname(s) of the author(s) of the book part (chapter, article) in capital letters, after the comma the name(s) of the author(s), (in the case of several authors, their surnames are arranged in accordance with the rules provided in paragraphs 2.2–2.3); (ii) after a full stop, the title of the book part (chapter, article; not italicized); (iii) after a full stop the preposition ‘In’ is written, and a colon is added; (v) all further data are presented exactly as the data of a book of a single author; (vi) after the publisher’s data a comma, is added and the page range of the book segment (chapter, article) is indicated; (vii) in the footnote in the text, only the specific page(s) of the quoted text is/are indicated after a comma; the page range of the book section (chapter, article) is not specified, for example:

2.7. An electronic book in a database shall have the following data indicated: (i) the surname(s) of the author(s) in capital letters, followed by their first name(s) after a comma (by following the same order as the authors are indicated on the title page of the book; if there are several authors, their surnames are arranged according to the rules provided in paragraphs 2.2–2.3); (ii) the year of publication in parentheses; (iii) the title of the publication after a full stop; (iiia) additionally, if necessary, a full stop is placed after the book title, and the type of the book is indicated (without using italics: a monograph, a textbook, a collection of peer-reviewed scientific articles, etc.); (iiib) the edition number is presented after a full stop (only if not the first edition is cited); (iv) ‘[online]’ in written square brackets without punctuation; (v) the place of the publication (city) after a full stop is given; (vi) after a colon, the publisher is provided; (vii) the name of the database is indicated after a full stop, (ix) in the text, the page(s) of the cited text in the book are additionally indicated after a comma, for example:

2.8. An electronic book with DOI is described in the same way as an electronic book in a database, only the DOI number is indicated instead of the database, for example:

2.9. An e-book without DOI is described in the same way as an e-book in a database, only the URL address is given instead of the database (avoid underlining this address), for example:

2.10. An article in a scientific journal shall have the following data indicated: (i) the surname(s) of the author(s) in capital letters, after the comma, the name(s) of the authors (in the case of several authors, their surnames are arranged in accordance with the rules provided in paragraphs 2.2–2.3); (ii) the year of publication in parentheses; (iii) the title of the article (without using italics) after a full stop; (iv) the title of the journal (publication) in italics; (v) after a comma, the volume and/or the number of the journal (publication) in the numerical form only, without using abbreviations ‘No.’, ‘Vol.’, etc.; (vi) after a comma, the page range of the article is indicated (the abbreviation ‘p.’ is not written); (vii) in the footnote in the text, only the specific page(s) of the cited text is/are indicated after a comma; page range of the book section (chapter, article) is not specified, for example:

2.11. An article in an electronic scientific journal shall be described in the same way as an article in a scientific journal, and the following points shall be indicated: (i) without a comma, ‘[online]’ is indicated in square brackets; (ii) after a full stop, the URL address of the article is indicated (avoid underlining this address), (iii) in the text, the specific page(s) of the cited article is/are indicated in the footnote after a comma, for example:

2.12. An article with DOI shall be described in the same way as an article in an electronic scientific journal, only the DOI number is indicated instead of the URL address, for example:

2.13. An article in a database shall be described in the same way as an article in a scientific journal, and the following points are indicated: (i) without a comma, ‘[online]’ is written in square brackets; (ii) the name of the database is indicated after a full stop; (iii) in the text, the page(s) of the cited text in the book is/are additionally indicated after a comma in the footnote, for example:

2.14. An article in a periodical journal shall be described in the same way as an article in a scientific journal, for example:

2.15. An article in an electronic periodical or newspaper shall have the following data indicated: (i) the surname(s) of the author(s) in capital letters, followed by their first name(s) after a comma (in the case of several authors, their surnames are arranged according to the rules provided in paragraphs 2.2–2.3); (ii) the specific date of the publication in given in parentheses; (iii) the title of the article is presented after a full stop, without using italics; (iv) the title of the publication is presented in italics; (v) ‘[online]’ is written without a comma in square brackets; (vi) the article’s URL is followed by a full stop (avoid underlining this address), for example:

2.16. a doctoral (PhD) dissertation (as well as a doctoral dissertation summary) shall have the following data indicated: (i) the author’s surname in capital letters, and, after the comma, the name; (ii) the year of publication in parentheses; (iii) the title of the dissertation in italics; (iv) after a full stop, the type of document (doctoral dissertation, doctoral dissertation summary); (v) after a comma, the field of science and the research field code; (vi) after a comma, the institution where the defense took place; (vii) after a full stop, the place of publication (city); (viii) after a colon, the publisher; (ix) if available, after a comma, the DOI number is indicated, for example:

2.17. Archival documents: when providing a bibliographic reference to an archival document (including personal archives), the year of compilation of the document is given in parentheses after the italicized title (if unknown, ‘s.a.’, i.e., ‘sine anno’ is written), followed by a comma, and the exact address of the source is given, for example:

3. CASE LAW

3.1. Decisions of the European Court of Human Rights shall have the following data indicated: (i) the title of the case in italics; (ii) the abbreviation of the court in square brackets, respectively ‘[ECHR]’; (iii) the petition number after a comma, starting with the abbreviation ‘No.’; (iv) the date of the judgment after a comma in square brackets; (v) the ECLI number after a full stop, for example:

3.2. Decisions of the Court of Justice of the European Union shall have the following data indicated: (i) the title of the case in italics; (ii) the abbreviation of the court in square brackets, respectively, ‘[CJEU]’; (iii) the case number after a comma, starting with the abbreviation ‘No.’; (iv) the date of the judgment after a comma in square brackets; (v) the ECLI number after a full stop, for example:

3.3. General jurisdiction court case law shall have the following data indicated: (i) the name of the court (and its division, if necessary); (ii) the full date of adoption of the mixed-method ruling (decision); (iii) the type and number of the document, starting with the abbreviation ‘No.’, for example:

Note:

When describing court decisions, URL references are not provided.

 4. INTERNET SOURCES

4.1. Website: the following data shall be indicated: (i) the surname(s) of the author(s) in capital letters, and, after a comma, the name(s) (in the case of several authors, their surnames are arranged according to the rules provided in paragraphs 2.2–2.3), if there is no author, the name of the website is indicated as the author; (ii) the specific date of publication in parentheses is given, and, if it is unknown, it is indicated as ‘n.d.’; (iii) the name in non-italic form after the full stop; (iv) without a comma, in square brackets, the source is indicated as ‘[online]’; (v) after a full stop, the URL address of the article is indicated (avoid underlining this address), for example:

4.2. Facebook, Instagram, or another social network online account shall have the following data indicated: (i) the surname(s) of the author(s) in capital letters, and, after a comma, the name(s) of the author(s) is/are (in the case of several authors, their surnames are arranged in accordance with the rules provided in paragraphs 2.2–2.3) or the institution as the author is provided; (ii) in parentheses, the specific date of publication is provided, and, if unknown, it is indicated as ‘n.d.’; (iii) after a full stop, the name of the source is given in italics; (iv) without a comma, the social network on the Internet is indicated in square brackets, e.g.: ‘[Facebook profile]’; (v) after a full stop, the URL address of the article is indicated (avoid underlining this address), for example:

Note:

if social media posts, photos, etc., are the subject of empirical research (in the teaching (research) part of the paper), in this case, when presenting the research results, images of such posts, photos, etc., must be provided in the text, and information about the image must be provided below them. Such sources are not listed in the bibliography. For example, when analysing Facebook posts, they are described in the research results, but their source (Facebook account page) does not need to be entered in the List of Sources.

4.3. Artificial Intelligence Generative Model Tools: AI tools are described as follows: (i) as the author, the AI Tool is named; (ii) the date of request is written in parentheses; (iii) the request is named in square brackets, e.g., ‘[The Grand Language Model]’; (iv) the URL address of the article is indicated after a full stop (avoid underlining this address); (v) the paraphrased text of the DI answer is quoted, and a footnote additionally indicates ‘see Annex’, for example:

5. ENCYCLOPEDICAL, INFORMATIONAL AND STATISTICAL SOURCES

5.1. Statistical information shall have the following data indicated: (i) usually, the institution as the author or the surname(s) of the author(s) in capital letters is/are provided, and, after a comma, the name(s) of the author(s) are given (in the case of several authors, their surnames are arranged in accordance with the rules provided in paragraphs 2.2–2.3); (ii) the specific date of publication is provided in parentheses; (iii) the title of the document is provided after a full stop; (iv) without a comma, in square brackets, ‘[online]’ is written; (v) after a full stop, the URL address of the article is indicated (avoid underlining this address), for example:

5.2. Encyclopedias, reference books, dictionaries shall have the following data indicated: (i) the author; (ii) the specific date of publication in parentheses, whereas, if the date is unknown, indicate ‘n.d.’; (iii) the title is written after a full stop; (iv) preposition ‘In’ is written after a full stop, and a colon is added; (v) the title of the publication is written in italics; (vi) if the publication is electronic, indicate ‘[online]’ in square brackets, and indicate the URL address of the article after a full stop (avoid underlining this address); (vii) if the publication is printed, indicate the volume number (if any), the place of the publication and the publisher, for example:

6. OTHER SOURCES

6.1. YouTube and other videos, for example:

6.2. Podcasts, for example: